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Rough ER

The ribosome-studded sheets of the endoplasmic reticulum, where secreted and membrane proteins are made.

12 pictures and 25 papers. Its organelle page: Rough ER.

Gallery

The left panel is the depositors' own "raw" file for this evaluation set and is already a thresholded membrane image, white on black, not greyscale electron microscopy. The tracing marks the sheets, the stacked parallel cisternae this copy draws, and leaves the small round tubule profiles unmarked. Sheets occupy 12.4 percent of this 6 um crop of lean mouse liver. Ribosomes are below the resolution of this segmentation, so the sheet is identified by its geometry here, not by studding.

Parlakgul G, Arruda AP, Pang S, Cagampan E, Min N, Guney E, Lee Y, Inouye K, Hess HF, Xu CS, Hotamisligil GS · CC0

Transmission electron microscope image of a thin section cut through an area of mammalian lung tissue. This image of a bronchiolar exocrine cell (Club cell) shows a nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles, such as rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.

Louisa Howard · Public domain

Representative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of brown trout primary hepatocyte spheroids cultured for 8, 12, 18 and 25 days, at 18 degrees C and 21 degrees C (n = 3 spheroids/day/fish). DB: dense bodies, GA: Golgi apparatus, LD: lipid droplet, Mi: mitochondria, Nu: nucleus, Nc: nucleolus, RER: rough endoplasmic reticulum

Alves, Malhao, Lopes et al 2026, Cell and Tissue Research · CC BY 4.0

Representative TEM images of RER in myoblasts of CTR (A, B), DM3 (C, D) and DM13 (E, F) after 0-3 days in differentiation medium. Control cells show well-structured parallel RER cisternae (A, B) while DM1 samples display an enlarged stressed rough endoplasmic reticulum (arrowheads) (C, D, E, F). m, mitochondrion; my, myofibrils; n, nucleus; rer, rough endoplasmic reticulum. Scale bars: A, B, C, D, F, 1 um; E, 2 um. The percentage of myoblasts with altered RER cisternae was significantly increased at day 3 in DM3 and DM13 compared to CTR.

Del Carratore, Falleni, Bernardeschi et al 2026, Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · CC BY 4.0

EEF1D localizes to the ER in an exon 5-dependent manner. (A) Representative confocal immunofluorescence images of WT and exon 5 KO C2C12 cells stained with anti-EEF1D (SC-393731; Santa Cruz, red), anti-SEC61B (green), and DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 10 um. (B) Pearson's correlation coefficient between EEF1D and SEC61B signals in WT and exon 5 KO C2C12 cells. Bars represent mean +/- SD (n = 21) with P -v

Jamous, Hosogane, Huang et al 2026, Life Science Alliance · CC BY 4.0

Fluorescence imaging of ERES components. a, Three-colour confocal fluorescence imaging of endogenous HaloTag-Sec23A RPE1 cells dyed with HaloTag JFX650 ligand (green) and stained with antibodies directed against Sec16 (orange) and beta-COP (purple). b, Quantitative data highlighting the relative distribution of COPII (HaloTag-Sec23A) and transitional ER (Sec16A) and COPI (beta-COP).

Downes, Flood, Nans et al 2026, Nature Cell Biology · CC BY 4.0

Ribosomes are localized throughout the neonatal and adult ventricular myocyte ER and SR membrane network. A, coimmunofluorescence labelling of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes or (B) adult rat ventricular myocytes with antibodies to the S6 ribosomal protein phosphorylated at Ser 235/236 (p-RPS6) and either an antibody that specifically recognizes proteins containing the KDEL sequence, used as an ER marker, the Ca2+-ATPase of the SR (SERCA), or the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2). C, coimmunofluorescence labelling of isolated adult ventricular myocytes from RiboTag mice, expressing hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged ribosomal protein RPL22, which is incorporated into actively translating polyribosomes. TOPRO, nuclei; scale bars = 20 µm. D, mRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of poly(A)-mRNAs in adult rat cardiac myocytes.

Sandmann, Brandenburg, Uhlenkamp et al 2026, The Journal of Physiology. Figure 3 · CC BY 4.0

PC1 in condensates is not targeted for degradation. (A) Fluorescence images of LX-2 cells stably expressing Col1A1-mNG (green) stained with LysoTracker Red (magenta) (top), and zoomed inset (bottom) showing that lysosomes are not in the vicinity of PC1 condensates. Scale bar: 10 um; inset: 2 um. (B) Fluorescence images of fixed LX-2 cells stably expressing Col1A1-mNG (green) and stained using antibodies against the chaperone BiP (magenta) (top), and zoomed inset (bottom) showing BiP is excluded from PC1 condensates. Scale bar: 10 um; inset: 2 um.

Bhattacharyya, Wojnacki, Brouwers et al 2026, The Journal of Cell Biology · CC BY 4.0

OTA induces GRP78-based ER stress in porcine oocytes. (A) Endoplasmic reticulum fluorescence staining showed that the fluorescence of treatment group was significantly decreased. Blue, endoplasmic reticulum. Bar = 50 um.

Hu, Yi, Ke et al 2026, Frontiers in Veterinary Science · CC BY 4.0

Ultrastructural aspects of ER stress in the mutant Phoenix cell line. There are long narrow ER membranes in control Phoenix line (A) and straight rigid ER membranes and dilated ER cistern lumen in mutant Delta2-4VPS13B#4, #5, 11, #24 and #25 (B, C) clones. These ER membrane changes also extended to the nuclear envelope (D, E). Scale bar: 1 um. ER--endoplasmic reticulum. (human (Phoenix cells); Figure 6A.)

Morozova, Wolf, Kiseleva et al 2026, Cells · CC BY 4.0

Sinusoidal side of a hepatocyte (H) in camel liver. F--fibroblast; dilated channels of the granular endoplasmic reticulum (↑↑); LD--lipid droplet; V--hepatocyte villi; collagen fibers (↑) in the perisinusoidal space of Disse. Electron microphotography. (Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus, liver hepatocyte); Figure 5single.)

Musina, Lebedeva, Drozdova et al 2025, Animals · CC BY 4.0

Representative immunofluorescence images showing expression of (A) Atlastin at Day1, (B) Climp63 at Day1, (C) Climp63 at Day14 in the cortical penumbral brain region in different groups (Atlastin: Red, DAPI: Blue; Climp63: Green). Adapted: IF panels A, B, and C only; quantification bar graph panels D, E, and F excluded. (rat (cortical penumbral brain region, post-stroke IA-MSC treatment); Fig. 8, panels A, B, and C (IF panels for Atlastin and Climp63; quantification panels D-F excluded; rows 10-955 of full figure, 1600x945).)

Kumari, Yadav, Godse et al 2026, Molecular Brain · CC BY 4.0

Papers

  1. Li T, Su T, Tang S, Cao K, Hua P, Gao J, et al. Necroptosis-related diseases are regulated by the unfolded protein response during endoplasmic reticulum stress. Genes Dis. 2027;14:102060. PMID: 42751065.
  2. Morozova KN, Wolf ER, Kiseleva EV, Smirnov AV, Pershina EG, Pristyazhnyuk IE. Modeling Cohen Syndrome in Phoenix Cells: VPS13B Loss Causes Organelle Stress, G1/S Delay, and Fibrillary Inclusion Bodies Formation. Cells. 2026;15:1535. PMID: 42738829.
  3. Danalache BA, Fallah A, Mercier F, Annabi B. The glucose-6-phosphatase system in cancer: from endoplasmic reticulum glucose-6-phosphate flux to stemness, immune escape, and therapeutic vulnerability. Front Oncol. 2026;16:1912198. PMID: 42539452.
  4. Kumari A, Yadav J, Godse P, Karmarkar G, Dubey A, More A, et al. Endovascular stem cell therapy reconfigures post-stroke ER dynamics via GRP78/Atlastin/CHOP axis. Mol Brain. 2026;19:65. PMID: 42351224.
  5. Niu Y, Han J, Song T, Tao X. Targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress: a novel therapeutic strategy for neuropathic pain. Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2026;7:1761647. PMID: 42326878.
  6. Downes KW, Flood JR, Nans A, Van der Verren SE, Audhya A, Zanetti G. In situ cryo-ET defines the ultrastructure of ER exit sites in human cells. Nat Cell Biol. 2026;28:1258-1268. PMID: 42162283.
  7. Kwan X, Aslam MS, Liang H, Chen S. Gypenoside XLIX and Mitochondria-Associated ER Membranes in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Mechanistic Insights and Emerging Perspectives. Molecules. 2026;31:1325. PMID: 42076006.
  8. Yan L, Xu Z, Yao Y, Awang T, Wang X, Wang Y, et al. The Erlin1/2 complex is a dynamic scaffold for membrane microdomain assembly on the endoplasmic reticulum. Mol Cell. 2026;86:1362-1376.e5. PMID: 41887216.
  9. Lu H, Feng X, Dai S, Zhu Y, Yuan K, Chen Y, et al. A novel MMP13 frameshift variant causes short stature via enhanced MMP13-HSPA5 interaction and activated endoplasmic reticulum stress. Clin Transl Med. 2026;16:e70648. PMID: 41877217.
  10. Qiao Y, Sun Y, Huang Y, Meng Q, Lin X, Wei W, et al. Roles of ER Membrane Protein Complex in Protein Biogenesis and Quality Control in the Lung and Beyond. Cell Prolif. 2026;59:e70191. PMID: 41804220.
  11. Kropp EM, Matono S, Wang OY, Robida AM, Kandarpa M, Grant JL, et al. Small molecule screening identifies cytotoxic endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation inhibitors in multiple myeloma. Cell Death Dis. 2026;17:303. PMID: 41803084.
  12. Christer S, Marelja Z, Dibra I, Hauschild H, Berquez M, Gandhi H, et al. A Drosophila model for Dent's disease type 1 revealed impaired endoplasmic reticulum export of Cubilin as pathogenic mechanism. Kidney Int. 2026;109:957-970. PMID: 41690574.
  13. Chen B, Stark DC, Jadhav PV, Lynn-Nguyen TM, Halligan BS, Rossiter NJ, et al. BRD4-mediated ER membrane contact creates functionally distinct mitochondrial subtypes. Mol Cell. 2026;86:917-936.e12. PMID: 41690300.
  14. Soubeyrand S, Lau P, McPherson R. Differential regulation of ZFAS1 splice variants by endoplasmic reticulum stress in hepatocyte cell lines. FEBS Open Bio. 2026;16:1115-1131. PMID: 41649053.
  15. Araki T, Yokoyama K, Ida K, Inagaki Y, Kamiya A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress enhances unsaturated fatty acid-induced hepatocyte injury in human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatic culture. BMC Gastroenterol. 2026;26:118. PMID: 41547733.
  16. Matsushima G, Yanase Y, Nakagawa T, Goda M, Ozawa K, Hosoi T. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in immune cell function. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1694102. PMID: 41208954.
  17. Karin M, Kim JY. Endoplasmic reticulum stress at the forefront of fatty liver diseases and cancer. Pharmacol Rev. 2025;77:100096. PMID: 41197470.
  18. Musina L, Lebedeva A, Drozdova L, Prusakov A, Ponamarev V. Features of the Liver Microstructural Organization of the Bactrian Camel. Animals (Basel). 2025;15:2921. PMID: 41096516.
  19. Zhang Z, Cheng D, Dang J, Wang X, Fan H, Liu D. Decoding Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress on Chondrocyte Driving Osteoarthritis Development through Integrating Single-Cell and Transcriptomic Profiling. Int J Med Sci. 2025;22:3906-3923. PMID: 41049439.
  20. Stoyanov S, Barbolov M, Yaneva G, Tasinov O. Modulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress by Selected Polyphenols from Sambucus ebulus L. Fruit. Plants (Basel). 2025;14:2748. PMID: 40941911.
  21. Obayashi K, Doi T, Sumida K, Endo M. Differential Induction of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Signaling by Antibody Isotypes: Implications for Plasma Cell Differentiation. Eur J Immunol. 2025;55:e202451428. PMID: 40285383.
  22. Li R, Sun K. Regulation of chondrocyte apoptosis in osteoarthritis by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2024;29:750-763. PMID: 39515603.
  23. Zhang Z, Leng XK, Zhai YY, Zhang X, Sun ZW, Xiao JY, et al. Deficiency of ASGR1 promotes liver injury by increasing GP73-mediated hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress. Nat Commun. 2024;15:1908. PMID: 38459023.
  24. Liu T, Li X, Pang M, Wang L, Li Y, Sun X. Machine learning-based endoplasmic reticulum-related diagnostic biomarker and immune microenvironment landscape for osteoarthritis. Aging (Albany NY). 2024;16:4563-4578. PMID: 38428406.
  25. Jin C, Felli E, Lange NF, Berzigotti A, Gracia-Sancho J, Dufour JF. Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria Contacts Correlate with the Presence and Severity of NASH in Humans. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:8348. PMID: 35955482.

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