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Ribosome

The machine that reads the message and builds the protein, assembled from two subunits made in the nucleolus.

12 pictures and 149 papers. Its organelle page: Ribosome.

Gallery

Panel of a six-part figure, cropped to this panel and otherwise unaltered, which CC BY allows with attribution. Human astrocyte differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells of a healthy donor, 25 days in vitro. The authors describe the protein-synthesising apparatus here as polysomes, marked by the yellow arrow, with several short cisternae of rough ER at the red arrow. At a 0.5 micrometre scale bar the fine dark granules filling the cytoplasm are the ribosomes themselves: this is about as close as conventional electron microscopy brings a reader to one.

Kutukova, Ivanov, Novosadova et al 2026, Modern Technologies in Medicine · CC BY 4.0

3D subtomogram average of a cytoplasmic ribosome optimally positioned for protein import on the OMM shows multiple contact points. (A) Three views of the subtomogram average of a cytoplasmic ribosome positioned with the exit tunnel on the 60S subunit (dark blue) facing the OMM (gray). Three connecting densities (labeled 1, 2, 3 in pink, orange, and green, respectively) are visible between the 60S subunit and the OMM.

Chang, Barad, Hamid et al 2025, The Journal of Cell Biology · CC BY 4.0

Ribosomes colocalize with the SR Representative electron micrographs of adult rat ventricular myocytes show ( A ) ribosome (arrowheads) association with perinuclear membranes (ER), ( B ) peripheral membranes (longitudinal, free SR), ( C ) T-tubules (near junctional SR) and ( D ) in the subsarcolemmal region, specifically at the terminal sarcolemma (TS) of intercalated disc (ID). M, mitochondria; T, T-tubules; N, nucleus. E , coimmunofluorescence imaging of phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (p-RPS6; red) and phospholamban (PLN; green) or ( F ) ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) in isolated mouse ventricular myocytes using both confocal microscopy and STED nanoscopy. Zoomed-in images demonstrating the local association of p-RPS6 with individual PLN or RyR2. White rectangles indicate the orientation of the signal intensity profiling. Colocalized signals are indicated in yellow. White boxes in ( A ) and ( B ) indicate magnified regions. Scale bars: 10 µm (cell overview), 1 µm (confocal, STED) and 200 nm (magnified view). STED, stimulated emission depletion microscopy.

Sandmann, Brandenburg, Uhlenkamp et al 2026, The Journal of Physiology · CC BY 4.0

Ribosomes are localized throughout the neonatal and adult ventricular myocyte ER and SR membrane network. A, coimmunofluorescence labelling of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes or (B) adult rat ventricular myocytes with antibodies to the S6 ribosomal protein phosphorylated at Ser 235/236 (p-RPS6) and either an antibody that specifically recognizes proteins containing the KDEL sequence, used as an ER marker, the Ca2+-ATPase of the SR (SERCA), or the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2). C, coimmunofluorescence labelling of isolated adult ventricular myocytes from RiboTag mice, expressing hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged ribosomal protein RPL22, which is incorporated into actively translating polyribosomes. TOPRO, nuclei; scale bars = 20 µm. D, mRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of poly(A)-mRNAs in adult rat cardiac myocytes.

Sandmann, Brandenburg, Uhlenkamp et al 2026, The Journal of Physiology · CC BY 4.0

The Zb is associated with active translation. ( A ) Oocyte at the cluster stage stained for nascent translation by Click chemistry with the puromycin analog OPP (OPP, right column), negative control condition previously treated with puromycin for 1 hour (+puromycin, bottom row). The Zb is visualized through the autofluorescence of its organelles at 488 nm (organelles, left column). ( B ) Top row:

Zollo, Zaffagnini, Haidar et al 2026, Science Advances · CC BY 4.0

Reorganisation of the nucleolus upon stress and the generation of nucleolus-related inclusions. (A) H1299 cells stably expressing RPL11-eGFP (top) and parental H1299 cells (bottom) were stressed with HS (2 h, 43 C) or MG132 (5 uM, 15 h) before being stained for fibrillarin (red, upper part) or ubiquitin (green, lower part). Nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar 5 um.

Brunello, Polanowska, Le Tareau et al 2024, The EMBO Journal · CC BY 4.0

Nucleolar localization of KANSL2. a Immunofluorescence detection of endogenous KANSL2 and nucleolar markers UBF in U87 and FBL in U251 cells. A dashed box corresponding to the zoomed area is shown in greater detail (scale bars: 50 um and 10 um for insets). b Actinomycin D (ACTD) treatment of U87 removed KANSL2 and relocalized UBF immunofluorescence signals from nucleolus. DAPI was used to stain the nucleus.

Budnik, Canedo, Morellato et al 2026, Communications Biology · CC BY 4.0

Quantitative analysis of ribosomal protein expression by immunofluorescence. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing subcellular localization of RACK1, RPL27, RPS15a and RPS6 in AECs (CD41- CD43- CD45- CD31+ CD201- Kit- CD44+), HECs (CD41- CD43- CD45- CD31+ CD201+ Kit+ CD44+) and HCs (CD45+ Kit+). Scale bars = 10 um.

Tian, Liu, Liu et al 2025, FEBS Open Bio · CC BY 4.0

Positions and orientations of 60S ribosomal subunits found in a cryo-EM micrograph of cell lysate by two-dimensional template matching (2DTM), with the 60S template shown at left; the right half of panel B of a figure on the in extracto cryo-EM workflow. Scale bar 50 nm. (Figure 1B, right.)

Seraj, Zottig, Huang et al 2026, eLife · CC BY 4.0

Representative raw electron micrograph of negatively stained single-cell lysates. Circled particles are representative of the larger particles (about 150-300 Å in diameter) used for subsequent 2D and 3D classification. Scale bar 200 nm. (Figure 2A.)

Yi, Verbeke, Chang et al 2019, The Journal of Biological Chemistry · CC BY 4.0

Bile canaliculi with villi (V) on the biliary side of a camel liver hepatocyte. H--hepatocyte; desmosomes (↑); GC--Golgi complex; M--mitochondria; GER--granular endoplasmic reticulum channels; R--ribosomes and polyribosomes. Electron microphotography. (Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus, liver hepatocyte); Figure 6single.)

Musina, Lebedeva, Drozdova et al 2025, Animals · CC BY 4.0

Conformational differences and rotational dynamics of human ribosomes. (A) hES cell 80S ribosome cryo-EM map from hES cells colored in light blue. (B) B cell 80S ribosome cryo-EM map of the 80S ribosome from B cells colored in pink. (human (hES cells and B cells); FIGURE 6, panels A and B (cryo-EM density maps of hES cell and B cell 80S ribosomes; full figure 658x676).)

Hiregange, Fedorenko, Ainbinder et al 2026, Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · CC BY 4.0

Papers

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