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Mitochondrion

A double-membraned organelle whose folded inner membrane carries oxidative phosphorylation, and which keeps a genome of its own.

13 pictures and 160 papers. Its organelle page: Mitochondrion.

Gallery

Two mitochondria in a thin section of mammalian lung, cristae resolved as folds of the inner membrane and the double membrane visible at the rim. The scale bar is 50 nm, so the whole frame is about a micrometre across: this is roughly the size the copy beside it is shown at.

Louisa Howard · Public domain

Panel A, row "Mito tracker": DAPI (blue), ROAM1 (green) and MitoTracker (red, labelled "Organelle Marker") in HEK293T cells, showing mitochondrial network staining. Part of a composite figure on ROAM1/AMPK signalling.

Zhu, Sun, Wei et al 2026, Bioactive Materials · CC BY 4.0

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of mitochondria of a MEF cell in which the gene OMA1 has been knocked out. The cristae are clearly visible. Scale bar equivalent to 0.5 um.

Bohler P, Stuhldreier F, Anand R et al 2018, Cell Death and Disease · CC BY 4.0

Cellular morphology during interphase and mitosis. Representative confocal images of ctrl and DRP1-KO MEF cells in interphase and mitosis, highlighting differences in cell shape, nuclear/chromosome morphology, and mitochondrial network topology. Cells were stained for DNA (DAPI, red) and mitochondria (TOMM20, green). Schematics shown above each cell cycle stage illustrate the corresponding cell architecture.

Bararpour, Volmert, Piano et al 2026, FEBS Open Bio · CC BY 4.0

Application of RoundMi to mitochondrial morphology analysis in live-cell imaging. (A) Representative confocal images of live MEF ctrl cells during interphase and mitosis. Raw images, images pre-processed using Napari-Nellie, and the corresponding mitochondrial segmentations generated using MitoSkel are shown. Images were cropped in ImageJ/Fiji to provide a zoomed-in view. Mitochondria were labeled with a fluorescent mitochondria-specific dye for live cell imaging.

Bararpour, Volmert, Piano et al 2026, FEBS Open Bio · CC BY 4.0

Malic enzyme 2 (ME2) deficiency induces mitochondrial morphological abnormalities and impairs mitochondrial function. A, B, Mitochondrial morphology visualized by MitoTracker Red staining in control and ME2-knockdown HepG2 cells. Mitochondrial networks were skeletonized and quantified using the Mitochondrial Network Analysis (MiNA) tool. n = 50. Scale bar, 5 um.

Liu, Su, Wei et al 2026, Cell Death and Disease · CC BY 4.0

Loss of FAM162A Disrupts Mitochondrial Morphology and Cristae Ultrastructure. (A) Mitochondrial Morphology. Mitochondrial morphologies were analyzed from TMRE-stained siFAM162A and control cells followed by confocal live imaging and classified into four categories: Network, Rods, Puncta, and Large and Round. The pie charts present the percentage of cells falling into each category.

Matamoros, Soffia, Munoz et al 2026, Aging Cell · CC BY 4.0

Overexpression of ATG9B disrupts mitochondrial morphology in H1299 cells. (A) Confocal images depicting H1299 cells stained for Cox IV and expressing GFP-ATG9B, illustrating three mitochondrial subtypes: normal, fragmented, and collapsed. Normal-looking mitochondria are characterized by well-defined, elongated tubular structures. Fragmented mitochondria display small, rounded, or punctate structures with noticeably reduced length compared with normal mitochondria and often with reduced Cox IV staining. Collapsed mitochondria exhibit perinuclear localization and diminished peripheral distribution.

Cao, Guo, Chen et al 2026, Molecular Biology of the Cell · CC BY 4.0

OTA causes mitochondria dysfunction in porcine oocytes. (A) Mitochondrial fluorescence signals of control group were significantly higher than that of treatment group. Red, mitochondria. Bar = 30 um.

Hu, Yi, Ke et al 2026, Frontiers in Veterinary Science · CC BY 4.0

Regularly arranged intramyofibrillar mitochondria (M) in the ultrastructure of the normal striated muscle fiber, magnification x8000. (human (striated muscle, aging study); Figure 2single.)

Felczak, Munoz-Gomez, Slamovits et al 2026, Life · CC BY 4.0

ST2 blockade is associated with improved hepatocyte ultrastructure and altered innate immune infiltration. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of liver tissues from control, AE-infected and anti-ST2-treated mice. a--c, Mitochondrial ultrastructure in hepatocytes. d--f, Nuclear morphology and immune cell infiltration. Black straight arrows indicate mitochondria; black circle-tipped arrows indicate cytoplasmic disorganisation; white straight arrows indicate neutrophils; white circle-tipped arrows indicate monocytes. Scale bars: 2.0 µm (a--c, 7,000x); 5.0 µm (d--f, 2,000x) (mouse (C57BL/6, liver hepatocyte, uninfected control); Fig. 6, a (control mouse, top-left panel; rows 0-411, cols 1-530 of figure).)

Shamsan, Chuanchuan, Haining et al 2026, Parasites & Vectors · CC BY 4.0

TAGLN knockdown alters mitochondrial morphology and energy metabolism in HBV-infected cells. (A) Confocal microscopic visualization of mitochondrial morphology in sh-TAGLN cells. Mitochondria were labeled with Mito Tracker Red (red), and GFP (green) served as a transfection marker. Adapted: confocal IF panel A only; quantification panels B-D, Western blot panel E, and functional panels F-I excluded. (human (HBV-infected hepatocytes, sh-TAGLN); Figure 4, panel A only (confocal IF of MitoTracker Red; quantification and WB panels B-I excluded; rows 90-720 of full figure, 1600x630).)

Wen, Chen, Liu et al 2026, International Journal of Molecular Sciences · CC BY 4.0

Transmission electron micrograph of a human glioblastoma stem cell showing electron-dense mitochondria (M) with narrow elongated cristae, illustrating the heterogeneous mitochondrial ultrastructure of these cells. (Homo sapiens (glioblastoma stem cells).)

Bogataj U 2025, Radiology and oncology · CC BY 4.0

Papers

  1. Zhao H, Zhao J, Zhou D, Lei Y, Liu Z, Chen J, et al. Steatotic liver-derived extracellular vesicles deliver ACSL4 to potentiate hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by orchestrating a ferroptosis-mitochondrial apoptosis cascade. Genes Dis. 2027;14:102005. PMID: 42780392.
  2. Xu P, Huang S, Zhu L, Huang J, Li K, Li G, et al. Developmental Environmental Chronotoxicity by Polystyrene Nanoplastics Exacerbates High-Fat Diet-Induced Pediatric MAFLD Through Circadian Disruption and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026:e77840. PMID: 42801606.
  3. Zhang L, Li J, Zhang H, Qin Q, Huang Y, Tian X, et al. Rab1A Promotes Hepatic Steatosis by Suppressing Mitophagy via the Raf-1/ERK1/2/PINK1 Signaling Axis. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026:e17520. PMID: 42801566.
  4. Zhao C, Gao Y, Zhou T, Sun L, Qu Q. Natural Small Molecules Targeting Mitochondrial Quality Control for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases: Mechanisms, Novel Formulations, and Translational Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2026;19:1402. PMID: 42797447.
  5. Voronko OE, Novikova VS, Klychkova OO, Markina MP, Lee AA, Kashirskikh DA, et al. Apoptosis Modulation by LL-37: From Mitochondrial Cell Death to Prosurvival Signaling. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:8351. PMID: 42794783.
  6. Jacquet N, Zhao Y. ADCK1 Regulates Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7984. PMID: 42794416.
  7. Konteles V, Papathanasiou I, Tzetis M, Goussetis E, Malizos K, Tsezou A. Characterization of the Mitochondrial Genome Landscape in MSCs, iPSCs and iMSCs from Osteoarthritis Patients and Healthy Donors. Genes (Basel). 2026;17:1101. PMID: 42792996.
  8. Neijmann ST, Gedikbasi A, Tuncer FN, Dogan SA, Tatonyan S, Balci MC, et al. Mitochondrial Damage in Hemoglobinopathies: The Role of Cell-Free mtDNA as a Potential Biomarker. Biomedicines. 2026;14:2011. PMID: 42792753.
  9. Pavshintsev VV, Erbaeva AZ, Vatlin AA, Mitkin NA. Semaglutide Attenuates Inflammatory Macrophage Polarization and Promotes Changes Associated with Mitochondrial Biogenesis Through cAMP-Dependent Signaling. Biomedicines. 2026;14:1987. PMID: 42792729.
  10. Deng DK, Su MJ, Zhang MY, Tan YJ, Kongling W, Wang HY, et al. Magnesium Enhances Immune Clearance of P. gingivalis in Macrophages by Suppressing MCU-Mediated Mitochondrial Calcium Overload. Cell Prolif. 2026:e70282. PMID: 42790879.
  11. Ahmed M, Shantakumari N, Badi S, Ahmed MH. Ramadan Fasting in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Linking the Gut-Mitophagy-Circadian Axis to Endothelial Dysfunction and Hepatic Outcomes. J Pers Med. 2026;16:474. PMID: 42783505.
  12. Powell-Roach K, Ogu UO, Culp E, Gupta K, Lance EI, Cao X, et al. Beyond Pain: A Pilot Study of Neurodegenerative and Mitochondrial Pathway Alterations in Sickle Cell Disease Using Platelet Proteomics. Med Sci (Basel). 2026;14:517. PMID: 42783390.
  13. Yin Y, Li Z. Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission in Age-Related Cardio-Cerebral Diseases: Mechanisms and Interventions. Aging Cell. 2026;25:e70729. PMID: 42775668.
  14. Ding Y, Wang X, Zong S, Wen Q, Zhang L. Isoquercitrin ameliorates chondrocyte dysfunction in osteoarthritis by targeting AKT1-mediated mitochondrial dynamics regulation. PLoS One. 2026;21:e0357989. PMID: 42752667.
  15. Luo J, Liu Y, Song D, Yang S, Fu X, Ge L, et al. Mitochondrial defects in the cAMP-PKA-DRP1 pathway in a Crppa deletion model of dystroglycanopathy. Dis Model Mech. 2026;19:dmm052890. PMID: 42752001.
  16. Becker A, Eichmann TO, Vasiliev V, Mey KA, Petzsch P, Rossi A, et al. MIC13-linked cristae disruption causes metabolic failure and early fibrotic remodelling in mitochondrial liver disease. Cell Death Dis. 2026;17:801. PMID: 42744797.
  17. Toumi H, Almhdie-Imjabbar A, Lespessailles E. Piezo1 as a Key Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Linking Mechanical Overload to Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Mitophagy, and Immunometabolic Dysregulation in Osteoarthritis. Cells. 2026;15:1511. PMID: 42738805.
  18. Zhang X, Li W, Li L, Wang Y, Tang W, Zhang J, et al. Annexin A5 Maintains Mitochondrial Integrity by Inhibiting mPTP Opening to Protect Against Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Injury. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7771. PMID: 42737668.
  19. Yang X, Cheng K, Chen C, Zhang Y, Wang DW. Mitochondrial Distress Signals at the Heart-Liver Interface: Molecular Links Between MASLD and Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7734. PMID: 42737629.
  20. Sahibzada H, Malik R, Abu-Amero KK. Mitochondrial Control of Myelination, Bioenergetics, Oxidative Stress, and the Pathogenesis of Optic Neuropathies. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7678. PMID: 42737575.
  21. Chueh KS, Lu JH, Mao JW, Wu BN, Long CY, Miao ZF, et al. Estradiol Ameliorates Postmenopausal Bladder Dysfunction by Restoring Mitophagy via the miRNA-200/KLF4/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7529. PMID: 42737433.
  22. Motanova E, Zuccarelli L, Lysenko E, Amoretti S, Pirazzini M, Rossetto O, et al. Preserved mitochondrial respiration in presence of oxidative stress and reduced mitochondrial mass after 10-day bed rest in older adults. J Physiol. 2026;604:7772-7798. PMID: 42723548.
  23. Pezzana S, Broggiato M, Limanaqi F, Vezzoli E, Zecchini S, Valsecchi L, et al. Micro- and nanoplastics remodel the autophagy-lysosomal axis and mitochondrial function in primary human monocytes. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1919477. PMID: 42718517.
  24. Zhang X, Zhao L, Fu W, Pan L, Wu H, Peng J. Mitochondrial immunometabolism in sepsis: bridging immune cell dysfunction and organ failure. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1921226. PMID: 42699180.
  25. Jia Q, Li B, Xing Y, Zhang Y, Gao B, Li X, et al. Therapeutic Potential of Gene-Modified MSC-Exos in Insulin Resistance: Mitochondrial Crosstalk and miRNA Regulation. J Cell Mol Med. 2026;30:e71342. PMID: 42698159.
  26. Xu P, Xia F. Mitochondrial reprogramming of neutrophil extracellular traps in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma: toward a phenotype-driven therapeutic framework. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1920684. PMID: 42694611.
  27. Su P, Luo W, Zhu C, Zhufu X, Zhang X, Wu H, et al. Mitochondria transfer research from cellular mechanisms to immune-inflammatory and translational frontiers: a bibliometric analysis from 2006 to 2026. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1898280. PMID: 42688233.
  28. Wang Y, Wan Y, Zhao Y, Wang X. Knockout of p47phox inhibits deep vein thrombosis by regulating the PAC-1/FNG/MAC-1 signaling axis and ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1836884. PMID: 42656715.
  29. Tavares IF, Andrade RS, Cabral N, Pinheiro RO, Schmitz V. Differential regulation of neutrophil degranulation by p38 MAPK and mitochondrial ROS during Mycobacterium leprae infection. Front Pharmacol. 2026;17:1883257. PMID: 42656701.
  30. Wen J, Chen G, Liu Z, Wang T, Xie J, Xiong M, et al. Altered TAGLN Expression During HBV Replication Correlates with OPA1 Levels. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7338. PMID: 42653342.
  31. Zhu A, Zhou Y, Ren K, Sun C. IRF1 in Adipocytes Is Associated with Insulin Signaling and Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Diet-Induced Obesity. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7332. PMID: 42653336.
  32. Ha YJ, Han YB, Kim KS, Jeong WJ, Hyon JY, Kim Y, et al. Mitochondrial RNA-Type I Interferon Axis in Sjögren's Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Translational Implications. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7295. PMID: 42653300.
  33. Dal-Pizzol HR, Jaeger M, de Farias CB, Brunetto AT, Isolan GR, Roesler R. A Coordinated Mitochondrial Genome Expression Program Marks a Differentiated Neural-Lineage and Synaptic Transcriptional State in Lower-Grade Glioma. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7289. PMID: 42653293.
  34. Mitsumoto H, Blasco H, Corcia P, Silani V. ALS: An Organism-Wide Bioenergetic Failure Due to Mitochondrial Dysfunctions? Biomolecules. 2026;16:1126. PMID: 42650794.
  35. Shao C, Lin H, Yu J, Chen H, Ren Y, Ren J, et al. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Critical Link Between Maternal Diet and Offspring Metabolic Health. Biomolecules. 2026;16:1106. PMID: 42650774.
  36. Gu Y, Gu C, Pan R, Liu B. Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Transfer of Mitochondrial and Mitochondrial Components in Cancer. Cells. 2026;15:1502. PMID: 42645228.
  37. Raja K, Suresh DG, Albeshri JK, Rawat SS, Prithishkumar IJ, Nau T, et al. Inflammation-Associated Changes in Piezo1 Expression, Mitophagy-Related Markers, and Matrix Dysregulation in an LPS-Stimulated Co-Culture Organoid System. Cells. 2026;15:1482. PMID: 42645208.
  38. Steckert AV, Feltrin KD, Rodrigues LFS, Liz FM, Muller MMF, Bortoluzzi DP, et al. Associations Between Neuromuscular Fatigue, Anxiety, and Peripheral Biomarkers of Neuronal Injury, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Treatment-Naïve Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Behav. 2026;16:e71707. PMID: 42642873.
  39. Eberhardt DR, Rekate EC, Masini YB, Duron HE, Mollinedo D, Velarde AM, et al. Excessive EFHD1-dependent ER-mitochondrial contacts drive a maladaptive antiviral response in metabolic liver disease. J Clin Invest. 2026;136:e204023. PMID: 42640733.
  40. Lu X, Sun W, Zhang D, Hou B, Tai H, Yu W, et al. Emerging microbiome-mitochondria crosstalk in host defense and infectious diseases: mechanistic insights into NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mtDNA-mediated immunomodulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026;16:1866924. PMID: 42638898.
  41. Wang D, Di D, Jiang B, Wang Y, Jiang Z, Zhang J, et al. The Enterococcus-putrescine-hadh axis drives mitochondrial redox imbalance and endothelial barrier breakdown in aortic dissection. Redox Biol. 2026;96:104310. PMID: 42636689.
  42. Rice MC, Imun M, Jung SW, Park CY, Kim JS, Lai RW, et al. MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-encoded interferon-linked host defense peptide. Elife. 2026;12:RP87615. PMID: 42611943.
  43. Chang R, Tsai AP, Wang B, Li CJ. The GLP-1-Mitochondria Axis in Metabolic Aging. Aging Cell. 2026;25:e70676. PMID: 42608657.
  44. Sun J, Yang Y, Long S, Zou X, Duan C, Wang Y. Mitochondrial dysfunction in sepsis-induced immunoparalysis: from immune-cell metabolic reprogramming to clinical biomarkers. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1904513. PMID: 42602308.
  45. Rijavec B, Salihović M, Mirković T. Molecular Mechanisms of Local Anesthetic Toxicity: From Ion Channel Dysregulation to Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Tissue-Specific Injury. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:6900. PMID: 42589553.
  46. Sodré AFP, Rodrigues LG, Sloan KP, Sloan LA, Tanaka M, Curi R, et al. Metainflammation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Organokine Crosstalk: A Central Axis Linking Metabolic Syndrome to Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:6554. PMID: 42589212.
  47. Chowdhury MR, Jeong GH, Lee IK. Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Driver of Meta-Inflammation in Aging: The Emerging Role of PDK4 in Bioenergetic Reprogramming and Inflammatory Amplification. Cells. 2026;15:1404. PMID: 42587812.
  48. Liu Y. Mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming at the interface of chemoresistance and immune-cold tumor states. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1872804. PMID: 42577501.
  49. Zhang X, Schuler MH, Çetin G, Eckl EM, Rheinemann L, Mergner J, et al. An ancient mitochondrial program tunes translation to haem availability. Nature. 2026;657:1027-1034. PMID: 42557333.
  50. Cannon M, Peldyak J, Reynolds PR, Bikman B. Cyclic Altitude Training, Mitochondrial Health, and the Oral-Airway Axis: Intermittent Hypoxia Between Adaptation and Disease. J Clin Med. 2026;15:5402. PMID: 42513316.
  51. Rolsma JL, Li J, Soh R, Nieh C, Yeh B, Darch W, et al. Mitochondrial Abundant Heat Soluble (MAHS) Protein Expression Modulates Metabolic Dynamics in Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:6289. PMID: 42511631.
  52. Cannon M, Peldyak J. Xylitol, Mitochondrial Plasticity, the Warburg Effect, and Oral Pathobiont-Associated Immune Evasion in Cancer Hypothesis. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:6130. PMID: 42511476.
  53. Abu-Amero KK. Mitochondrial Genetic Diseases and Ophthalmic Manifestations: Molecular Pathophysiology, Genetics, and Clinical Management. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:6128. PMID: 42511474.
  54. McCaffrey JM, Ibdah JA. Exercise-Induced Hepatic Mitochondrial Reprogramming Across Muscle-Gut-Thyroid Axes in MASLD/MASH. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:6112. PMID: 42511461.
  55. Manuti V, Murgo E, Saponaro AA, Sfregola U, Sangineto M, Villani R, et al. The Biological Clock-Mitochondria Axis in the Liver: From Molecular Mechanisms to Metabolic Disease. Biology (Basel). 2026;15:1197. PMID: 42510742.
  56. Zou X, Zhang T, Wang N, Li Y, Jiang X, Zhong X. Mitophagy in Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: From Mitochondrial Dysfunction to Therapeutic Targeting. Biomolecules. 2026;16:941. PMID: 42509735.
  57. Jin J, Cheng Y. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Metabolic-Syndrome-Related MASLD/MASH: Metabolic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives. Metabolites. 2026;16:489. PMID: 42506440.
  58. Li X, Luo X, Zhang Z, Tang L, Meng X. SIRT3 in post-myocardial infarction macrophage reprogramming: linking mitochondrial fitness to inflammation resolution and repair. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1848626. PMID: 42488660.
  59. Vijayakumaran A, Godbehere C, Abuammar A, Breusegem SY, Hurst LR, Morone N, et al. 3D nanoscale reconstruction of human airway multiciliogenesis reveals cellular architecture remodeling and cilia-mitochondria link via rootlets. Cell Rep. 2026;45:117714. PMID: 42485185.
  60. Wang S, Liu W, Gu F, Wang J, Guo Y, Guo L, et al. Calcium-dependent redox signaling connects mitochondrial remodeling with PAD-associated NETosis during respiratory mycoplasma infection. Redox Biol. 2026;96:104316. PMID: 42476007.
  61. Kim M, Khin PP, Jung H, Chae CW, Jeon BH, Kim CS. Mitochondrial Immunometabolism in Sepsis: From Oxidative Stress and mtDAMP Signaling to Biomarker-Guided Therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:5918. PMID: 42450183.
  62. He T, Yu A, Qian Y, Wu T, Ma C. Redox-Mitochondria-Immune Network Dysregulation in Schizophrenia: From Selective Cellular Vulnerability to Circuit Dysfunction. Cells. 2026;15:1153. PMID: 42439630.
  63. Lucki M, Lucka E, Mitkowski P, Lesiak M. Immunometabolic Mechanisms of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction in Coronary Artery Disease: The Role of Mitochondrial Stress, Endothelial Senescence, and Regulated Cell Death. Cells. 2026;15:1132. PMID: 42439609.
  64. He Q, Tan Z, Xu J, Wang T, Li Q, Li X. Immune regulation in mitochondrial transfer: knowledge structure and emerging trends from a bibliometric perspective. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1850600. PMID: 42433380.
  65. Yin Y, Xu R, Makarczyk MJ, Liu JJ, Liu S, Shi MZ, et al. Kaempferol Attenuates Spaceflight-Associated Knee Cartilage Degradation by Targeting NOX4-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026;13:e76477. PMID: 42423501.
  66. Xia Z, Wei L, Ji J, Wu S, Sun Y, Zong G, et al. Adipose-derived CLEC3B promotes osteogenesis through a CLEC3B-IGFBP4-related paracrine axis associated with mitochondrial adaptation in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2026;42:106. PMID: 42397598.
  67. Yasuda T, Ichikawa A, Onoue K, Ogasawara E, Ishihara T, Kosako H, et al. Disrupted mitochondrial dynamics activate RNA-sensing innate immunity through mitochondrial RNA release. Cell Rep. 2026;45:117607. PMID: 42360878.
  68. Valdivieso-Rivera F, Furino VO, Leher CE, Zanesco AM, Cruz MK, Gan FC, et al. E4BP4 safeguards brown fat mitochondria from obesity-induced fragmentation via ceramide repression. EMBO Rep. 2026;27:4376-4411. PMID: 42332066.
  69. AlSedairy SA, Subash-Babu P, Alhussain MH, Binobead MA, Alshatwi AA. Epoxy Clerodane Diterpene Attenuates the Differentiated Adipocyte Hypertrophy and Enhances Mitochondrial Metabolism. ChemistryOpen. 2026;15:e70230. PMID: 42316984.
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  71. Shamsan E, Chuanchuan L, Haining F. ST2 blockade modulates IL-33-driven immune responses and is associated with reduced hepatic fibrosis in alveolar echinococcosis. Parasit Vectors. 2026;19:361. PMID: 42304420.
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  75. Bynum H, Edwards KS. Sex Differences in Mitochondrial Function: Endocrine Regulation, Immunometabolic Signaling, and Implications for Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:4966. PMID: 42278492.
  76. Wang Y, Mao J, Liu F. The Role of Mitochondria in Polycystic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:4774. PMID: 42278304.
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  81. Danet L, Guicheux J, Boutet MA, Vinatier C. Exploring mitochondrial functions and dysfunctions in chondrocytes: toward the identification of novel therapies for osteoarthritis. Bone Res. 2026;14:60. PMID: 42225637.
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  84. Silva FRD, Dias PRF, Pavan ICB, Oliveira AP, Basei FL, Santos LED, et al. NEK6 Knockout Causes Defects in Mitochondrial Morphology and Respiration. Cells. 2026;15:924. PMID: 42193938.
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  88. Villaseñor-Tapia EC, Mendieta-Condado ER, Curiel-Pedraza DA, Reza-Zaldívar EE, Márquez-Aguirre AL. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in MASLD: Evidence in Dietary Models and Potential Therapeutic Interventions. Biochem Res Int. 2026;2026:6641383. PMID: 42164470.
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