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Cytoskeleton

Three filament systems at three diameters: actin at 7 nm, the intermediate filament at 10, the microtubule at 25.

10 pictures and 20 papers. Its organelle page: Cytoskeleton.

Gallery

HeLa cells with actin filaments in red and microtubules in green. A wide field down the eyepiece rather than a confocal section, so individual filaments are not resolved and the nuclei dominate; it shows where the networks sit in a cell, not what a filament looks like.

Mariantonietta L. · CC BY 4.0

Microtubule intensity changes with CRISPRa combinatorial guide treatment in the TUBB G308S cell line. Representative images of the alpha-tubulin network are shown in red, with the ninein centrosomal marker in green. Scatter plot of fluorescence intensity of ninein; data are from three experiments and represented as mean +/- SD. Statistical significance was determined using ordinary one-way ANOVA. Homogeneity of variances was assessed using the Brown-Forsythe test and Bartlett's test. Ns, not significant (p > 0.05), (* p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001).

Steiman, Kinsella, Zhang et al 2026, International Journal of Molecular Sciences · CC BY 4.0

Rotenone affects tubulin organization. Representative fluorescence images of alpha-tubulin staining in control and 50 nM rotenone-treated BV2 cells, with DAPI nuclear counterstaining. Magnification: 40x. Scale bar = 50 um.

Valenza, Muzzi, Rendina et al 2026, Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · CC BY 4.0

Cell spreading induces tubulin acetylation. (A) Representative confocal microscopy images of the acetylated and total α-tubulin fractions of fixed HeLa cells seeded for the indicated times on FN- or PLL-coated glass coverslips. Scale bars, 10 µm. Cell contours are indicated by dashed white curves. (B) SuperPlot showing individual cell measurements (small, light-colored symbols; N ∼10 per biologica

Bhaskar Naidu, Vera Lillo, Almacellas et al 2026, The Journal of Cell Biology · CC BY 4.0

Mani induces proteasome-dependent disruption of the microtubule and F-actin cytoskeletal network. RPTECs were infected with Mani from the basolateral side and treated with inhibitors (MG132: MG or Bortezomib: BZ) or DMSO (control) at 5 h p.i. (A) Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements at 24 h p.i. (B) Representative confocal images of infected cells at 24 h p.i. Microtubules (β-tubulin) were stained with Alexa Fluor 488-labeled antibodies (green), F-actin with rhodamine-phalloidin (red), and Mani with Alexa 647-labeled antibodies (artificially recolored to white). Scale bar: 10 μm. (C) Relative fluorescence intensity of β-tubulin.

Barbee, Sebastian, Tokumon et al 2026, PLOS Pathogens · CC BY 4.0

KANK2 localizes with talin1 at the cell edge, and with talin2 in the cell centre. A, KANK2 localizes in talin1 and talin2-positive adhesions. Forty-eight hours after seeding RPMI-7951 cells were methanol fixed, and stained with anti-talin1 antibody (red), anti-talin2 antibody (green) and anti-KANK2 antibody (grey/magenta). Scale bar: 20 um.

Stojanovic, Rac, Loncaric et al 2026, Cell Communication and Signaling · CC BY 4.0

EML4-ALK V3, actin and phosphorylated cortactin colocalise in filopodia-like extensions. (A) Beas-2B cells were induced to express YFP-EML4-ALK V3 for 72 h before being fixed and stained with antibodies against cortactin (yellow). Actin was stained with TRITC-phalloidin (magenta), while DNA was stained with Hoechst 33,258 (blue). Expressed YFP was visualised (cyan). Magnified views are shown in panel (2) and (3), with the cell body, filopodia-like extensions (FLEs) and branch-points on the FLEs indicated. Scale bars, 10 um (1) and 5 um (2,3). (C) Beas-2B cells were induced to express EML4-ALK V3 before being fixed and stained with antibodies against phosphorylated cortactin (pCortactin, yellow). Actin was stained with TRITC-phalloidin (magenta), while DNA was stained with Hoechst 33258 (blue). Expressed YFP was visualised (cyan). Scale bars, 10 um (1) 5 um (2,3).

Richardson, Knebel, Straatman et al 2026, Scientific Reports · CC BY 4.0

STORM Reconstruction of Individual Actin Architecture in WT and ARHGAP18 KO Jeg-3 Cells. A) STORM reconstructions of phalloidin stained actin in fixed Jeg-3 WT cells. Scale bar 2 µm; inset 2 µm. B) STORM reconstructions of phalloidin stained actin in fixed ARHGAP18 KO Jeg-3 cells. Scale bar 2 µm; inset 2 µm. (human (Jeg-3 choriocarcinoma cells); FIGURE 2, panels A-B (STORM actin reconstructions; rows 3-620 of figure).)

Murray, Hodge, Pham et al 2026, Molecular Biology of the Cell · CC BY 4.0

Aberrant expression of SCP4 leads to abnormal chromosome behavior during cell division. Cells were stained with anti-phospho-histone H3 (Ser10) (P-H3S10) antibody to visualize chromosomes and anti-α-tubulin antibody to visualize the mitotic spindle. Mitotic defects in metaphase include multipolar spindles, unaligned chromosomes, bent spindles, and unfocused spindle poles; anaphase defects include chromatin bridge and lagging chromosomes. Scale bars: 5 µm. (human (HeLa cells); Figure 4, panels A-D (control and SCP4 OE/KD HeLa cells at metaphase and anaphase; anti-alpha-tubulin spindle + P-H3S10 chromosomes).)

Zheng, Zhang, Wang et al 2026, EMBO Reports · CC BY 4.0

Dynamics of cell division and differentiation in HF regions. SBF-SEM was used to obtain all micrographs. Representative micrographs of cells during different mitotic phases: (A) prophase, (B) metaphase, (C) anaphase, (D) telophase and (E) cytokinesis. (F) Micrograph of non-dividing cells. (G) Mitotically dividing cells and the dermal papilla (DP, grey) superimposed on the z-stack. The green colour gradient indicates progression from prophase to cytokinesis. The white dashed line indicates the theoretical location of Auber's critical level. (H,I) Frequency (H) and migration (I) of mitotically dividing cells within a ovine HF. Data shown are from a single representative HF (one sheep, two separate hair follicles; see Fig. S3). The zones are as follows: DP, basement membrane (BM), and germinative matrix (GM). Cell types: stem cells (blue), transit amplifying cells (green) and post mitotic cells (red). Scale bars: 1 um (A-F,I); 10 um (G). (sheep (ovine hair follicle cells); Fig. 1, full figure (panels A-I; SBF-SEM micrographs of mitotic phases prophase to cytokinesis in ovine hair follicle).)

Jadav, Velamoor, Hazelton et al 2026, Journal of Cell Science · CC BY 4.0

Papers

  1. Ballard JM, Chiguru R, Deeb MB, Swatsburg RB, Lau AY, Davis GH, et al. Impact of Microgravity on Cytoskeletal Dynamics, Protein Transport, and Signaling Networks: Potential Therapeutic Opportunities for Skin Health. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7689. PMID: 42737586.
  2. Berthiaume Fox KA, Galvin ER, Gurtner GC, Chen K. RAC2 orchestrates immune cell actin remodeling and migration. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1917716. PMID: 42694400.
  3. Zhang Q, Kudryashova E, Sanford E, Wagner MM, Minelli ME, Smolka MB, et al. Legionella effector RavH is a tandem WH2-like domain-containing PI(3)P-dependent actin nucleator. Life Sci Alliance. 2026;9:e202603675. PMID: 42608158.
  4. Sasankan D, Mohan R. The Mechanobiology of Adipocyte Hypertrophy: Cytoskeletal Remodelling as a Driver of Insulin Resistance in Obesity. Cell Biochem Funct. 2026;44:e70283. PMID: 42583807.
  5. Dehio P, Michard C, Yam-Puc JC, Martí I Líndez AA, Jandke A, Unterstab G, et al. A conserved VPS34-PIKfyve-TRPML1-myosin II axis regulates the speed of amoeboid cell migration. EMBO Rep. 2026;27:4721-4750. PMID: 42414599.
  6. Gu H, Yin S, Liu F, Guo J, Yang J, Zhang W, et al. Immunoglobulin κ drives liver regeneration by stabilizing MYLK to maintain cytoskeletal integrity and promote hepatocyte proliferation. J Transl Int Med. 2026;14:398-412. PMID: 42389440.
  7. Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Cao J, Li Y, Liang T, et al. SCP4 dephosphorylates mitotic histone H3 to maintain chromosome stability. EMBO Rep. 2026;27:3944-3963. PMID: 42315649.
  8. Murray EC, Hodge GM, Pham K, Fraher S, Lee LS, Mitchell CAR, et al. ARHGAP18 complexes with both YAP and Merlin and is required for basal actin bundles. Mol Biol Cell. 2026;37:ar75. PMID: 42126958.
  9. Yin J, Zhang M, Liu W, Shen W, Li D, Miao H, et al. Chronic Hypoxia Disrupts Spermatogenesis Through ASXL2-EZH2-Mediated Microtubule Destabilization. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026;13:e01266. PMID: 41782374.
  10. Khalaji S, Venit T, Lukáčová Z, Fambri V, Shrestha R, Kaluarachchi S, et al. Nuclear Myosin 1 links genomic architecture to adipose tissue remodeling, metabolic inflammation and obesity in mice. Cell Death Dis. 2026;17:270. PMID: 41748556.
  11. Jadav N, Velamoor S, Hazelton N, Reader K, Harland D, Bostina M. Uncovering mitotic ultrastructure in the native hair follicle using volume electron microscopy. J Cell Sci. 2026;139:jcs264198. PMID: 41614215.
  12. Alvarez-Flores MP, de Melo AT, Gomes RN, de Melo TC, Oliveira DS, de Souza MM, et al. Venom-Derived Proteins from Lonomia obliqua Modulate Cytoskeletal Regulators and Inflammatory Responses in Human Chondrocytes. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:934. PMID: 41596581.
  13. Wihan J, Battis K, Hoffmann A, Windener F, Himmler M, Varghese A, et al. Alpha synuclein-mediated cytoskeletal dysfunction impairs myelination in human oligodendrocytes. Acta Neuropathol. 2025;150:33. PMID: 40973885.
  14. Centofanti A, Runci Anastasi M, Nicita F, Labellarte D, Scuruchi M, Pantano A, et al. Sarcoglycans Role in Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics and Cell Adhesion of Human Articular Chondrocytes: New Insights from siRNA-Mediated Gene Silencing. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26:5732. PMID: 40565195.
  15. Stommen A, Ghodsi M, Cloos AS, Conrard L, Dumitru AC, Henriet P, et al. Piezo1 Regulation Involves Lipid Domains and the Cytoskeleton and Is Favored by the Stomatocyte-Discocyte-Echinocyte Transformation. Biomolecules. 2023;14:51. PMID: 38254651.
  16. Shirakashi R, Sisario D, Taban D, Korsa T, Wanner SB, Neubauer J, et al. Contraction of the rigor actomyosin complex drives bulk hemoglobin expulsion from hemolyzing erythrocytes. Biomech Model Mechanobiol. 2023;22:417-432. PMID: 36357646.
  17. Vercellati C, Marcello AP, Fattizzo B, Zaninoni A, Seresini A, Barcellini W, et al. Effect of primary lesions in cytoskeleton proteins on red cell membrane stability in patients with hereditary spherocytosis. Front Physiol. 2022;13:949044. PMID: 36035481.
  18. Miklavc P, Frick M. Actin and Myosin in Non-Neuronal Exocytosis. Cells. 2020;9:1455. PMID: 32545391.
  19. Sironi M, Forni D, Clerici M, Cagliani R. Genetic conflicts with Plasmodium parasites and functional constraints shape the evolution of erythrocyte cytoskeletal proteins. Sci Rep. 2018;8:14682. PMID: 30279439.
  20. Fai TG, Leo-Macias A, Stokes DL, Peskin CS. Image-based model of the spectrin cytoskeleton for red blood cell simulation. PLoS Comput Biol. 2017;13:e1005790. PMID: 28991926.

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