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Autophagosome

The compartment the cell builds in order to destroy it. Bounded by two membranes, assembled from lipid it borrows, and identified by a marker that is not exclusive to it.

13 pictures and 62 papers. Its organelle page: Autophagosome.

Gallery

Panel N (LC3): autophagosome marker as magenta puncta, inset with arrowheads. composite of 14 immunofluorescence panels, mouse choroid plexus epithelial cells; magenta channel is the named organelle marker

Ono, Shishido, Yamagishi et al 2026, The FEBS Journal · CC BY 4.0

Assessment of autophagosome-lysosome fusion, metabolic status, and nutrient stress response under different CO2 conditions. (A) Representative images showing colocalization of LC3 (green) and lysosomes (red) in cells cultured under (i) 10% CO2, (ii) 10% CO2+Rapamycin, (iii) 2% CO2 or (iv) 2% CO2+Rapamycin. Yellow indicates merged signal (colocalized vesicles); arrows highlight LC3-lysosome overlap. Scale bar: 10 um.

Ashraf, Sun, Van Nostrand et al 2026, Biology Open · CC BY 4.0

TBT triggers LC3 recruitment to lysosomes, but not to the Golgi apparatus. a - e FIP200-knockout (KO) HeLa cells were treated with 700 nM TBT for 6 h. Confocal images were stained for LC3 and LAMP1. Colocalized puncta (LC3+ and LAMP1+) are highlighted in yellow. Scale bars are 20 um. f-i FIP200 KO HeLa cells were treated with 700 nM TBT for 6 h. Confocal images were stained for LC3 and GM130 (cis-

Hatamiya, Miyara, Takahashi et al 2026, Archives of Toxicology · CC BY 4.0

Microtubule disruption maintains the association of LC3 with RAB11A. A, under steady-state conditions, the RAB11A-positive compartment (green) and the calnexin-positive compartment (blue) are closely associated, making it difficult to determine with which compartment LC3 (red) is primarily associated. Disruption of microtubules by hypotonic treatment (1:3 full medium:water for 5 min) separates the two compartments, revealing LC3 co-localisation with RAB11A.

Puri, Rubinsztein 2026, The Journal of Biological Chemistry · CC BY 4.0

PtdIns3P production is reduced by inhibiting its downstream mATG8 lipidation machinery in cells. b HEK293 cells were treated as in panel a , but were double-stained with antibodies to endogenous FIP200 and endogenous WIPI2 as shown. Image acquisition and any intensity corrections were done to the same extent for both channels.

Dessus, Ohashi, Bourguet et al 2026, Nature Communications · CC BY 4.0

Autophagosomes (yellow arrows), autolysosomes (green arrow) and mitochondria (red arrows) in a house-dust-mite-exposed bronchial epithelial cell (BEAS-2B) by TEM, one condition cropped from a treated/untreated comparison figure. Scale bar 2 um.

Wang, Wang, Chen et al 2026, Frontiers in Pediatrics · CC BY 4.0

ER autophagosomes (ER-phagy) by transmission electron microscopy, boxed region magnified elsewhere in the source figure. Scale bar 5 um.

Mao, Ling, Xu et al 2026, Frontiers in Veterinary Science · CC BY 4.0

Autophagosome-like structures adjacent to a chloroplast with swollen starch grains, in a tomato leaf cell infected with PPT phytoplasma, by TEM. Scale bar 1 um.

Inaba, Kim, Zhao et al 2026, Plant Physiology · CC BY 4.0

An autophagic vacuole (AV) by transmission electron microscopy in a Phoenix cell, one panel of a figure of TEM images of autophagic vacuoles in control Phoenix cells and mutated Δ2-4VPS13B clones. Primary and secondary lysosomes (autophagosomes, containing membrane structures of mitochondria and ER fragments at various stages of digestion) were found in the cytoplasm of control and mutant cells. Scale bar: 1 µm. (human (Phoenix cells); Figure 8.)

Morozova, Wolf, Kiseleva et al 2026, Cells · CC BY 4.0

Effect of Cd exposure on ER-phagy and changes in ER-phagy after inhibition of ERS. (A) ER autophagosomes were observed under transmission electron microscopy. The red arrows refer to ER autophagosomes; (B) Western blot of FAM134B; (C) Western blot of FAM134B after inhibition of ERS; (D) Statistical chart of FAM134B expression; (E) Statistical chart of FAM134B expression after inhibition of ERS. (rat (BRL-3A liver cells, Cd-treated); Figure 5A (TEM panel; rows 33-462, cols 76-555 of figure).)

Mao, Ling, Xu et al 2026, Frontiers in Veterinary Science · CC BY 4.0

CORO1C deficiency impairs the formation of phagophore and autophagosomes. (A) Representative confocal image of wt, CORO1C-KO and rescued H4 cells immunolabeled with anti-SQSTM1/p62 and anti-RB1CC1 after starved for 4 h. DAPI was used to stain the nucleus (blue). Regions outlined with white dashed lines are magnified in the insets. Scale bar: 10 um. (human (H4 neuroblastoma cells, CORO1C-KO); Figure 3, panel A (representative confocal IF of SQSTM1/p62 and RB1CC1 autophagosome markers).)

Zhang, Yu, Sun et al 2026, Autophagy · CC BY 4.0

Transmission electron micrograph of U251 human glioblastoma cells showing autophagosomes as double-membrane-bounded vesicles enclosing cytoplasmic cargo, used as controls in a study of calnexin and autophagy. (Homo sapiens (glioblastoma cells, U251).)

Liu X 2025, Theranostics · CC BY 4.0

Confocal immunofluorescence showing co-localisation of LC3B (green, autophagosome marker) and LAMP-1 (red, lysosomal marker) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, with punctate LC3B foci indicating autophagic vesicles adjacent to lysosomes. (Homo sapiens (peripheral blood mononuclear cells).)

Colasanti T 2022, Cells · CC BY 4.0

Papers

  1. Wang Z, Ren H, Wang K, Zhang X, Liu C, Wu H, et al. LDH-mediated autophagic full-chain blockade for Multiple Myeloma treatment by targeting circ_0008255/miR-192-5p/ATG2A axis. Bioact Mater. 2027;67:127-142. PMID: 42598038.
  2. Qin M, Xiang X, Guo X, Wang S, Chen J, Jiang D, et al. α-Synuclein Promotes Atherosclerosis by Impairing Macrophage Autophagic Flux. Aging Cell. 2026;25:e70713. PMID: 42806619.
  3. Morozova KN, Wolf ER, Kiseleva EV, Smirnov AV, Pershina EG, Pristyazhnyuk IE. Modeling Cohen Syndrome in Phoenix Cells: VPS13B Loss Causes Organelle Stress, G1/S Delay, and Fibrillary Inclusion Bodies Formation. Cells. 2026;15:1535. PMID: 42738829.
  4. Mao J, Ling H, Xu B, Shi Y, Wang Y, Chen H, et al. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagy in cadmium-induced apoptosis in BRL-3A cells. Front Vet Sci. 2026;13:1939951. PMID: 42718678.
  5. Pezzana S, Broggiato M, Limanaqi F, Vezzoli E, Zecchini S, Valsecchi L, et al. Micro- and nanoplastics remodel the autophagy-lysosomal axis and mitochondrial function in primary human monocytes. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1919477. PMID: 42718517.
  6. Sang L, Zang R, Yu Z, Gong X, Huang Y, Jin X, et al. Trichostatin A Inhibits Cytokines Released in LPS-Induced THP-1 Cells via Downregulating Deacetylated-Syntaxin 17 and Promoting Autophagosome-Lysosome Fusion. Physiol Res. 2026;75:781-793. PMID: 42708874.
  7. Challa M, Padma B J, Shanmugam S. Autophagy in tuberculosis: advances, translational gaps, and the promise of host-directed therapies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026;16:1896798. PMID: 42707965.
  8. Ebrahimi-Dehkordi S, Barjasteh AH, Zarei A, Bazmi S, Vaseghi S, Ashna S, et al. MicroRNA-Mediated Autophagy and Cardiovascular Diseases: Exploring the Crossroads of Atherosclerosis and Beyond. J Clin Lab Anal. 2026;40:e70310. PMID: 42704033.
  9. Sato S, Iwata H, Yamamoto T, Somemura S, Takemoto M, Takahashi-Suzuki Y, et al. Repetitive Compressive Loading Downregulates the Expression of Autophagy-Related Factors, Autophagy Capacity and Cellular Activity in Human Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7485. PMID: 42653480.
  10. Stencel D, Wrześniok D. Autophagy in Melanoma: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:6670. PMID: 42589327.
  11. Qadri M. Dual role of autophagy in gouty arthritis (GA): molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1850554. PMID: 42528618.
  12. Cazzaniga A, Frigo S, Cherubini A, Rrapaj E, Valenti L. Autophagy in MASLD: A Metabolic and Precision Medicine Perspective. Liver Int. 2026;46:e70816. PMID: 42522599.
  13. Wang X, Zhang C, Chen J, Jin Y, Zhang Y, Zheng J. The role of autophagy in protozoan infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026;16:1843632. PMID: 42518850.
  14. Zhang R, Zhang J, Yang Y, Wang Y, Cao H. The Autophagy-Inflammasome Axis as a Molecular Switch: From Persistent Inflammation to Vascular Remodeling in IVIG-Resistant Kawasaki Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:6405. PMID: 42511747.
  15. Mastroeni P, Trezza A, Visibelli A, Geminiani M, Santucci A. HGA-Induced Oxidative Stress Impairs Autophagy via Lysosomal Dysfunction in Alkaptonuria. Antioxidants (Basel). 2026;15:823. PMID: 42510554.
  16. Li J, Gao M, Feng J, Huo D, Hong R, Zhang F, et al. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Improve Aging-Related Changes in Liver Lipid Metabolism by Enhancing Autophagy. Aging Cell. 2026;25:e70642. PMID: 42463991.
  17. Shang H, Ma T, Wei Y, Liang J, Wang Y, Liu J, et al. Research progress of cuproptosis, ferroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy in knee osteoarthritis. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2026;14:1855681. PMID: 42459838.
  18. Zhang JX, Li Z, Yang P, Pu K, Zhou Q, Yan H, et al. LncRNA Mirt2 Attenuates Osteoarthritis Progression by Promoting miR-429/TBK1-Mediated Autophagy. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2026;14:e70423. PMID: 42411048.
  19. Xu L, Ma L, Liang L, Yu X, Zhang L, Wu Y, et al. Leptin-induced autophagy regulates the immunomodulatory potential of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells through down regulating the expression of TSG-6. Sci Rep. 2026;16:27363. PMID: 42298025.
  20. Muralt T, Buonomo SM, Tschan MP, Schaller M. Autophagy, NET formation, and inflammation crosstalk in thrombotic autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1844170. PMID: 42266695.
  21. Wang T, Liu L, Lei Y. Eliminate Mycobacterium tuberculosis via HELZ2 and up-regulating ATG16L1 to promote macrophage autophagy. J Med Microbiol. 2026;75:002170. PMID: 42262972.
  22. Gong Q, Liu T, Han X, Zhang R, Liu X, Xiong B, et al. Autophagy activation by urolithin-a derivative UA-36 mitigates Friedreich's ataxia pathologies induced by frataxin deficiency. Mol Biomed. 2026;7:82. PMID: 42240896.
  23. Patel K, Zapateria B, Ledet AJ, Hazaveh SS, Gjergjova F, Diaz A, et al. Chaperone-mediated autophagy is a tumor-suppressive mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Rep. 2026;45:117390. PMID: 42207634.
  24. Nasso ME, Bottaro A, Fazio M, Stagno F, Gangemi S, Allegra A. Microenvironmental Drivers of Bone Disease in Multiple Myeloma: Oxidative Stress, Sterile Inflammation, Autophagy-Lysosomal Remodeling, and the Iron-Lipid Peroxidation Axis. Biomolecules. 2026;16:710. PMID: 42194058.
  25. Jiménez-Ridruejo I, Plaza-Zabala A. Autophagy-lysosome networks in oligodendrocytes: a dynamic framework for myelin integrity. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2026;14:1818512. PMID: 42093725.
  26. Wakula M, Jablonowska M, Chmielarczyk M, Tarnowski L, Kulinczak M, Sitkiewicz E, et al. Granulocyte differentiation arrest in HAX1-deficient cells, demonstrated in a new in vitro model of a certain phenotypic aspects of Kostmann disease, is caused by ineffective lipid droplet autophagy and fatty acids uptake. Cell Death Dis. 2026;17:594. PMID: 42086536.
  27. Zhang G, Yu N, Sun Y, Li X, Sun L, Liu G, et al. CORO1C (coronin 1C) promotes autophagosome formation by coordinating branched actin network dynamics. Autophagy. 2026;22:1601-1618. PMID: 41968673.
  28. Deng Q, Huang J, Wang C, Liang J. Exercise-Induced Exerkines Modulate Autophagy: Implications for Interorgan Crosstalk in the Hallmarks of Ageing. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:2746. PMID: 41898620.
  29. Feng L, Yu M, Ma X, Qin P, Zhang Y. Decoding the Regulatory Mechanism of Astaxanthin on Autophagy: Insights for Anti-Inflammatory Intervention. Biomolecules. 2026;16:477. PMID: 41897412.
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